Murphy,+Paul-chapter

. BASIC FIRST AID


 * //LESSON OBJECTIVES://**
 * To simplify basic first aid for middle school students
 * * briefly describe the Good Samaritan Law *
 * show how to treat various wounds *
 * distinguish between the 3 types of burns *
 * analyze different types of bodily injuries *
 * show the dangers of heat related and cold related illness

Standard #1 Students will understand concepts related to health promotion and disease prevention as a foundation for a healthy life. Standard #2 Students will demonstrate the ability to access valid health information and health-promoting products and services. Standard #3 Students will demonstrate the ability to practice health-enhancing behaviors and reduce health risks
 * //RI HEALTH STANDARDS USED:

INTRODUCTION: Basic first aid is very important to know in emergency situations. Middle school students are not too young to learn life saving skills and should know how to help others in case of an emergency. With proper knowledge, students should be able to assist a victim until emergency medical care arrives on the scene. In this chapter we will cover a wide range of injuries: some being very minor to those that are life threatening. Even if the injuries are too difficult for a student to handle then they will call 911 and be able to assist in that way.//**

//** HELPING IN AN EMERGENCY **// //**Let's first start off by talking about how one should react in an emergency situation. It is very important that the person stay calm and don't panic. This might be difficult for a teen, especially if it is a family member or a friend who is injured. Keeping yourself calm will also help the victim stay calm. Panicing will only result in a waste of time and in some emergencies that could be the difference between life and death.When coming across an emergency, you should first check the scene to make sure it is safe to help. In some cases it may be unsafe, at that point you should call 911 and explain what the emergency is. While waiting for help to arrive, you should care for the victim. This could simply be talking to the person or actually treating them.

The Good Samaritan Law protects everyday citizens in assisting others in emergencies. The law states that if you are trained to help someone and while helping you cause another injury; you cannot be sued. For more information about the Good Samaritan Law click on this link.**// []



//**WHAT YOU SHOULD TELL A 911 OPERATOR** It is important to understand that all house, apartment, business and pay phones are all hooked up to the emergency system. Cell phones are not hooked up to the emergency system yet, so be prepared to give an accurate location.
 * Whenever you call 911, you should be prepared to tell the operator the following information**//
 * address of the emergency
 * condition of the victim(s)
 * what the scene looks like
 * what happened
 * age of the victim (especially if it is an infant )
 * any other dangers?

Wounds are defined as any injury to the skin or soft tissue below the skin. There are a multitude of injuries that can be classified as wounds; for example, a bruise, a cut ,a scrape or lacceration. Wounds can be very minor, such as a paper cut or scrape, or very serious like a gun shot or stab wound. Most wounds can be treated at home and do not require a trip to the emergency room. To treat a minor wound get something white (paper towel, gauze,towel, etc.) and place it over the wound using direct pressure. This will help clot the blood and stop the bleeding. Once the bleeding has stopped, wash the wound with soap and warm water. Hydrogen peroxide should now be used to help clean the wound. An antibiotic ointment will help stave off infection and you should always cover the injury with a band-aid. For a serious wound, use direct pressure to slow down the bleeding. If possible, elevate the injured area above the heart. Call 911 or have someone drive you to the emergency room.//** SWELLING - If there is swelling due to injury, always use ice and elevate the area above the heart. The ice will reduce swelling. TEETH - If a permanant tooth gets knocked out, take the tooth and place it in a cup of milk and go to the dentist immediately. If the tooth is still in good condition, it can be re-implanted in the mouth. ANIMAL BITES - If you are bitten by a mammal, then you have to worry about the possibility that the animal could have rabies. Rabies is a disease that if left untreated, it will kill you. If treated right away ,the victim will be perfectly fine. [] For more information on rabies click on the link to the left.
 * //WOUNDS
 * //NOSEBLEEDS- treat a nosebleed by pinching the nostrils and leaning forward ( not backwards). This applies direct pressure to the nose and will eventually stop the bleeding. Another method is to apply ice to the bridge of the nose.

IMPALED OBJECT - An impaled object means that there is a large foreign object sticking into your body. The object must not be pulled out. Leave it in and call 911 immediately.//**

media type="youtube" key="a2zwU2c-HZo" width="425" height="350"media type="youtube" key="cakw-IVVyhE" width="425" height="350" BURNS There are 3 different types of burns, 1st degree, 2nd degree, and 3rd degree. The easiest way to remember is that as the number gets higher the burn gets worse. First degree burns are minor and third degree burns are very serious. There are many causes for burns but most fall into one of three catagories; hot object, hot liquid or the sun. Check out the chart on burns by clicking the picture to the left
 * 1st degree burns are very minor and only the top layer of skin is damaged. Treat them by using cool water or an aloe lotion
 * 2nd degree burns usually blister and are defined by deep tissue damage and severe pain. Treat with cool water and go see your doctor
 * 3rd degree burns are characterized by deep tissue destruction and a high risk of infection, only a doctor should treat these burns.

COLD RELATED ILLNESS Cold related illness usually occurs when the temperature is below 32 degrees Farenheit. Even if the air temperature is above 32, it is possible to get hypothermia ,which is one of two cold related illnesses with the other being, frostbite. Frostbite is defined as the freezing of a body part. Most cases of frostbite occur in the fingers and toes. These are small body parts far away from the heart with little blood flowing through them, so they freeze faster. In the case of frostbite get the victim into a warm place and place the body part in warm water; this will hopefully start re-circulating the blood so the tissue does not die. Hypothermia usually occurs when someone is soaked in cold water or is out in the cold without proper clothing. The person's body temperature drops so much that all their vital organs start to slow down and eventually will stop, if not treated, causing death. [] Click on this link to view a frostbite poster. [] For pictures of actual frosbite click on this link but be aware these photos might not be for you.

HEAT RELATED ILLNESS Heat related illness usually occurs when the outside temperature is above 75 degrees Farenheit. Heat cramps is a minor condition where the muscle "locks" in place from lack of fluids. Drinking water will help alleviate the problem. Dehydration is a condition caused by lack of body fluid. This usually occurs in hot weather but could happen if someone was suffering from a stomach virus. Water and sports drinks will hydrate the body. If the dehydration is real severe, the person must go to the hospital. Heat exhaustion and heat stroke are very dangerous. The body temperature keeps on going up and this will start to shut down vital organs. Move the person to a cool place and call 911 immediately. [] Click on this link to learn more about Heat stroke and heat exhaustion. INJURIES TO THE BODY [] ALLERGIC REACTIONS A person can be allergic to almost anything. Common allergies are bee stings, peanut allergies, dust, animal dander and smoke. Allergic reactions range in severity from minor to life threatening. A minor reaction can result in a lot of sneezing, watery, itchy eyes maybe even a rash. A life threatening reaction can obstruct a person's breathing because the face, neck and airway swell up and it is very difficult to breath. If the victim does not get medical attention quickly or have an epi-pen to use; there is a chance they will die. [] What to do.
 * 1) FRACTURES - another way of saying that there is a broken bone. There are 2 types: a simple fracture which is a normal break or a compound fracture where you have a broken bone and an open wound because the bone came through the skin.
 * 2) [] Broken bone instructional sheet
 * 3) DISLOCATIONS AND SEPARATIONS - are injuries to the joints, usually the fingers, shoulders or elbows.
 * 4) STRAINS - are injuries to the muscle fibers. The muscle tears and only rest will help repair it.
 * 5) SPRAINS - are injuries to the ligaments and tendons that hold a joint in place.

CHOKING VICTIM If a person is choking, stand behind the person, make a fist with one hand with your thumb to a point, place your fist halfway between the navel and the breastbone, take your other hand wrap it around them and grab the wrist, now pull in and up as hard and fast as you can. You are trying to force the trapped air in the lungs up the airway and dislodge the object from the windpipe. ( Please note that you cannot perform this procedure on a small child or a baby) SEIZURES Most seizures are caused by malfunctions of the electrical impulses of the brain. Head trauma and epilepsy are the two leading causes. If someone is having a seizure, lay them on their side on the floor while supprting their head. Remove any object that they could get hurt on. Do not stick anything in the victims mouth. Most seizures do not last very long but can be very serious; always seek medical attention.media type="youtube" key="rjLD2BpoL1c" width="425" height="350"


 * Lesson 1: Emergencies

GOALS: Students will learn how to react properly to different types of emergencies. Students will understand what the Good Samaritan Law is and how it aids them in emergencies.

After beginning the chapter reading about emergencies and how they should react. Students will list at least 2 medical emergencies where it would be safe to help the victim(s). They must give evidence supporting their claim that the situation is safe. Next, they will describe 2 medical situations where it would not be safe for them to help someone. Give evidence why it would be unsafe.

After reading the paragraph on the Good Samaritan Law and clicking on the link and reading more, students will show that they understand why the law was invented. Assignment: Answer the following question: Why is the Good Samaritan Law necessary and why do you believe that it is good to help people in need.

After concluding this assignment students should click on this link to play first aid hangman.** []


 * Lesson 2

GOALS: Students will demonstrate proper procedures for treating both minor and serious wounds.

Materials: a first aid kit containing; gauze, band-aids, hydrogen peroxide, antibiotic ointment, rubber gloves, medical tape,etc.

Students will first read the part of the chapter dealing with minor and serious wounds. With a partner they will demonstrate the proper sequence for treating a minor wound. Stop the bleeding, wash with soap and water, using the medical supplies, clean with hydrogen peroxide, wipe dry then apply an antibiotic ointment,and finally cover with a band-aid.

Watch the videos on treating bleeding emergencies and nosebleeds. Is there anything in the nosebleed video that you were taugth that you believe is wrong? Why?**


 * Lesson 3**
 * GOALS: Students will be able to demonstrate the correct procedures to helping a choking adult and helping a seizure victim.**
 * Study the steps to help a choking victim and study the chart provided in the chapter.**
 * When each of you have practiced sufficiently with a partner, the students will demonstrate for the teacher that they will correctly follow the proper steps in treating a choking adult.

When this has been completed, students will watch the video" Basic first aid treating a seizure" What is the recovery position and why do you place a seizure victim in that position? These answers will be given orally and demonstrated for the teacher.**

2. What is the Good Samaritan Law? 3. List 4 important things you should be able to tell a 911 operator. 4. Why is it important to know if the animal that bites you has rabies? 5. What are the 2 types of fractures? 6. What are the 3 types of burns? 7. Why is it dangerous if someone is having a severe allergic reaction?** 4. The temperature is 98 degrees outside and your friends want you to go skateboarding at the new skate park. Should you go? What are the dangers?**
 * End of chapter review questions:**
 * 1. What is the most important thing to remember when helping someone in an emergency?
 * 8. What is the difference between frosbite and hypothermia?**
 * Thought questions**
 * 1. If there are multiple victims at an accident scene who should you treat first and why?**
 * 2. Steve Irwin, while scuba diving, gets impaled with a stingray's barb what should he do?**
 * 3. You are walking home from school and an old man is unconscious on the sidewalk. You are not sure what happened. What steps can you take to help this man?

[|www.youtube.com/watch?v=cakw-IVVyhE] Nose bleed video January 10, 2008. [|www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjLD2BpoL1c] How to treat a seizure video. September 11, 2007 [|www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2zwU2c-HZo] How to stop bleeding emergencies. September 11, 2007 [] Choking Chart [|www.expertvillage.com] Source for videos [|www.arttoday.com] Ambulance photo [] Good Samaritan Law [|www.kidshealth.org] Website for parents and children on safety and first aid [|www.redcross.org/] Website of the American Red Cross tsagalis.net/bones.php Broken leg photo physicscentral.org Broken arm photo cdc.gov the official website of Center for Disease Control. Rabies for kids [] Hangman game in lesson 1**
 * Work Cited